
Without this piece, the piece on the other side of the ride would not stay on either.
After further examination, I found one link of the chain is broken too:

I almost wanted to give up because I thought it would cost me quite a lot to buy a new chain as well as replacing the chain guard. Fortunately I didn't. Turns out the whole "repair" costed $6! I bought a few nuts/bolts/washers to reattach the remaining half piece of the chain guard to the chain ring. And with the help of Performance Bicycle in Mountain View, that 1 broken link in the chain was replaced. Now it works again :D